ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ

ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾^[᱑] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱚᱛ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾^[᱒]

ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ

ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱨᱮᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ — ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ, ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱳᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ-ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱞ, ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ᱾^[᱓]

ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ

ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ: ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ-ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱸᱜᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ; ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱔]^[᱕]

ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ: ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱳᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱩᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ (ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ) ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹᱭᱟ᱾^[᱖]^[᱗]

ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ

ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ: ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ (ᱢᱚᱴᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ, ᱟᱹᱞᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱨᱠᱚᱱᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱨ᱾^[᱘]

ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ: ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱴᱤᱥᱩ (ᱡᱟᱭᱞᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱭᱮᱢ) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ-ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ᱾^[᱔]

ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱳᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ: ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱢᱳᱱ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱥᱟᱭᱴᱳᱠᱟᱭᱱᱤᱱ, ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱱ) ᱠᱚᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣᱟ᱾^[᱙]

ᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ-ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱞ (ᱫᱟᱜ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ): ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ (ᱱᱤᱣᱢᱮᱴᱳᱯᱷᱳᱨ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ) ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ-ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱵᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ᱾^[᱑᱐]

ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ: ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱳᱨᱟᱭᱡᱟ, ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱳᱡᱮᱱ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱟ᱾^[᱑᱑]

ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ: ᱚᱯᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ (prop/brace roots, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱜᱽᱨᱳᱵᱷ, ᱵᱟᱨᱮ) ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾^[᱑᱒]

ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ: ᱰᱟᱹᱨ, ᱜᱟᱸᱴᱷ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ; ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱨᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾^[᱑᱓]

ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ

ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ, ᱚᱨ, ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ-ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ (ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ, ᱫᱟᱜ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱯ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱦᱟᱸᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑᱔]

ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ

ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱟᱹᱣ, ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱟᱵᱽᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ — ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱯᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ, ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ, ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ, ᱫᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ, ᱵᱟᱴᱨᱮᱥ, ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱯᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ — ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵᱤᱜᱽᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾^[᱑᱕]

ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ

ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ (ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ)᱾ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱡᱚᱨ, ᱰᱮᱱᱰᱮᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱨ-ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ᱾^[᱑᱖]

ᱡᱷᱟᱵᱽᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ

ᱡᱷᱟᱵᱽᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱸᱡᱽᱲᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱤᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱚᱜ ᱚᱯᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱷᱟᱵᱽᱲᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱥ (Poaceae), ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑᱗]

ᱚᱯᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ

ᱚᱯᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ (ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱤᱜ, ᱜᱟᱸᱴᱷ, ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭ ᱛᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ: ᱢᱩᱬ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ, ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ (ᱦᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ, ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱣ, ᱵᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑᱘]^[᱑᱙]

ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ: ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱯᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ; ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱤᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱠᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ; ᱵᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (Ficus spp.) ᱦᱚᱭ ᱚᱯᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱰᱟᱹᱱᱴᱤᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜ-ᱟ; ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱯᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾^[᱒᱐]

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ

↑ Harley Macdonald & Donovan Stevens (3 September 2019). Biotechnology and Plant Biology. EDTECH. pp. 141–. ISBN 978-1-83947-180-3.
↑ Nguyen, Linh Thuy My; Hoang, Hanh Thi; Choi, Eunho; Park, Pil Sun (2023-07-05). "Distribution of mangroves with different aerial root morphologies at accretion and erosion sites in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 287. Bibcode:2023ECSS..28708324N. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108324. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
↑ "Root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
1 2 Taiz, L.; Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology and Development (3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates/Oxford University Press.
↑ "Roots and Root Systems (chapter)" (PDF). University of Delaware. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
↑ "Root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
↑ Hodge, A. (2009). "Root growth, architecture and nutrient foraging". Plant and Soil. doi:10.1007/s11104-009-0041-1 (inactive 3 November 2025). Retrieved 2 November 2025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2025 (link)
↑ "Tuberous root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
↑ Steffens, B. (2015). "The physiology of adventitious roots". Plant Physiology. 170 (2): 603–617. doi:10.1104/pp.15.01360. PMC 4734560. PMID 26697895.
↑ "Pneumatophore". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
↑ Ahmed, N. (2025). "How arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake and plant resilience". Frontiers in Plant Science. 16. doi:10.3897/imafungus.16.144989. PMC 11953731. PMID 40162002. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help); Check |pmid= value (help); Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
↑ "Maize plants and the brace roots that support them". Retrieved 2 November 2025.
↑ "Adventitious root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
↑ Gutjahr, C. (2013). "Multiple control levels of root system remodelling in response to symbiosis and nutrient status". Frontiers in Plant Science. 4: 204. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00204. PMC 3684781. PMID 23785383.
↑ "Root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
↑ "Taproot". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
↑ "Fibrous root system". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
↑ "Adventitious root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
↑ Steffens, B. (2015). "The physiology of adventitious roots". Plant Physiology. 170 (2): 603–617. doi:10.1104/pp.15.01360. PMC 4734560. PMID 26697895.
↑ Hostetler, A.N. (2020). "The development and function of brace roots in maize". arXiv:2008.04783 [q-bio.TO].

ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ

Baldocchi DD, Xu L (October 2007). "What limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands–The supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere?". Advances in Water Resources. 30 (10): 2113–22. Bibcode:2007AdWR...30.2113B. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.06.013.
Brundrett, M. C. (2002). "Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants". New Phytologist. 154 (2): 275–304. Bibcode:2002NewPh.154..275B. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x. PMID 33873429.
Clark L (2004). "Primary Root Structure and Development – lecture notes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2006.
Coutts MP (1987). "Developmental processes in tree root systems". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 17 (8): 761–767. Bibcode:1987CaJFR..17..761C. doi:10.1139/x87-122.
Raven JA, Edwards D (2001). "Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance". Journal of Experimental Botany. 52 (Suppl 1): 381–401. doi:10.1093/jxb/52.suppl_1.381. PMID 11326045.
Schenk HJ, Jackson RB (2002). "The global biogeography of roots". Ecological Monographs. 72 (3): 311–328. doi:10.2307/3100092. JSTOR 3100092.
Sutton RF, Tinus RW (1983). "Root and root system terminology". Forest Science Monograph. 24: 137.
Phillips WS (1963). "Depth of roots in soil". Ecology. 44 (2): 424. Bibcode:1963Ecol...44..424P. doi:10.2307/1932198. JSTOR 1932198.
Caldwell MM, Dawson TE, Richards JH (1998). "Hydraulic lift: consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants". Oecologia. 113 (2): 151–161. Bibcode:1998Oecol.113..151C. doi:10.1007/s004420050363. PMID 28308192.

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ

[Stevens2019-1] Harley Macdonald & Donovan Stevens (3 September 2019). Biotechnology and Plant Biology. EDTECH. pp. 141–. ISBN 978-1-83947-180-3.

[2] Nguyen, Linh Thuy My; Hoang, Hanh Thi; Choi, Eunho; Park, Pil Sun (2023-07-05). "Distribution of mangroves with different aerial root morphologies at accretion and erosion sites in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 287. Bibcode:2023ECSS..28708324N. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108324. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)

[3] "Root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[Zeiger_Taiz-4] 1 2 Taiz, L.; Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology and Development (3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates/Oxford University Press.

[5] "Roots and Root Systems (chapter)" (PDF). University of Delaware. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[6] "Root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[7] Hodge, A. (2009). "Root growth, architecture and nutrient foraging". Plant and Soil. doi:10.1007/s11104-009-0041-1 (inactive 3 November 2025). Retrieved 2 November 2025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2025 (link)

[8] "Tuberous root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[9] Steffens, B. (2015). "The physiology of adventitious roots". Plant Physiology. 170 (2): 603–617. doi:10.1104/pp.15.01360. PMC 4734560. PMID 26697895.

[10] "Pneumatophore". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[11] Ahmed, N. (2025). "How arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake and plant resilience". Frontiers in Plant Science. 16. doi:10.3897/imafungus.16.144989. PMC 11953731. PMID 40162002. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help); Check |pmid= value (help); Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)

[12] "Maize plants and the brace roots that support them". Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[13] "Adventitious root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[14] Gutjahr, C. (2013). "Multiple control levels of root system remodelling in response to symbiosis and nutrient status". Frontiers in Plant Science. 4: 204. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00204. PMC 3684781. PMID 23785383.

[15] "Root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[16] "Taproot". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[17] "Fibrous root system". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[18] "Adventitious root". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

[19] Steffens, B. (2015). "The physiology of adventitious roots". Plant Physiology. 170 (2): 603–617. doi:10.1104/pp.15.01360. PMC 4734560. PMID 26697895.

[20] Hostetler, A.N. (2020). "The development and function of brace roots in maize". arXiv:2008.04783 [q-bio.TO].

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