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ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ

ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ, ᱨᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ
ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ
ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ
Typeᱟᱹᱛᱩ / ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ
Locationᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ
Coordinates29°17′35″N 76°6′51″E / 29.29306°N 76.11417°E / 29.29306; 76.11417Coordinates: 29°17′35″N 76°6′51″E / 29.29306°N 76.11417°E / 29.29306; 76.11417
Area350 ha (860 acres)[web ᱑]
Builtᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜᱩᱴᱤ 3500 BC

ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱸᱥᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,[᱑] ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱤ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (6000?/4600-3300 BC), ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (3300-2600 BC), ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600-1900 BC) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱒] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ,[᱓][᱔][᱕][᱖][᱗][᱑][note ᱑] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,[᱓] ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱘][᱓][᱙] ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ[᱑᱐] - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,[web ᱑] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱓][᱑᱑] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱒᱒ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,[web ᱒] ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ [᱑᱒][web ᱓] ᱟᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾[᱑᱓] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱛᱟᱛᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱳᱦᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱜᱷᱳ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱹᱣᱨᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱙) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ DNA-ᱴᱮᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱳ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾[᱙]

ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱴᱷᱟᱶ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ,[᱑] ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[web ᱔] ᱡᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱱᱴᱳᱥ (Jane McIntosh) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱣᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ historic/ ᱯᱨᱟᱜᱽ-ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾[᱑᱔] ᱪᱚᱣᱛᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱥᱩᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[web ᱕][web ᱖]

ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨᱤ ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ, ᱡᱳᱱᱟᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱮᱱᱳᱭᱮᱨ, ᱨᱮᱢᱚᱱᱰ ᱚᱞᱪᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱴᱟ ᱯᱤ. ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱖][᱕][᱓][᱗][᱑][᱔][note ᱑] ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ (᱒᱐᱑᱕) ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ [300 hectares (3.0 km2)] ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾"[᱑᱕] ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "RGR-x" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11᱾[web ᱗] ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, RGR-8 ᱟᱨ RGR-9, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ 350 hectares (3.5 km2) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ (᱓᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾[web ᱑][web ᱘] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱓] ᱕ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-5, ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐᱐+ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ RGR-6 ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱟᱨᱰᱟ" (Arda) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:[᱘] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ "ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ",[᱓] ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ (ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱩᱥᱟᱬ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾[᱑᱖]) RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ শ্মᱥᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾[᱘][᱓] ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ (ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ - ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ/ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱑ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱤᱱ/ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ[᱑᱐] - ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,[web ᱑] ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱓᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱓][᱑᱑]

ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ (Dating)

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱛᱮᱡᱚᱥ ᱜᱟᱨᱜᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ "ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟ external/ ᱛᱷᱟ semi/ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ" ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱖᱐᱐᱐(?)-᱔᱖᱐᱐-᱓᱘᱐᱐" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱨ Period I ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ "᱓᱒᱐᱐-᱒᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱤ." (B.C.E.) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱹᱣᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱒] ᱯᱳᱥᱮᱦᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ "RGR-6, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾"[᱓] ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-6 ᱫᱚ " pre-formation age ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ" ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-7 ᱫᱚ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟ micro/ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[web ᱙] ASI ᱫᱚ RGR-1, RGR-2, RGR-6 ᱟᱨ RGR-7 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ (carbon dated) ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱨᱮ Pre-harappan Phase ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕,᱖᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP) ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱔᱔᱐ (BP) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱨᱮ Early Harappan Phase ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ RGR-2 ᱨᱮ focus/ ᱦᱚᱸ Early Harappan Phase ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱕,᱒᱐᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱔,᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ Mature Harappan Phase ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱢᱯᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱔,᱐᱔᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱓,᱙᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[web ᱙] RGR-7, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ Mature Harappan Phase ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱖᱐᱐ BP ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱙][web ᱑᱐] ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱙᱗ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱖ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ Pre-formative, Early Harappan, ᱟᱨ Mature Harappan ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ RGR-6 ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱨᱮ Sothi Phase ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱴᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ Pre-formative ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱰᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ (BP), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ B.C.E. ᱟᱨ B.C.E. ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱑᱗]

ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮ design/ ᱵᱮ platform/ ᱵᱮ network/ ᱥᱩᱨ-ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ-ᱦᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ, ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ (ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ-᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱘᱖ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,[᱑᱘][᱑᱙] ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ (ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱦᱢᱟᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ-ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,[᱒᱐][᱒᱑] ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ (ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘᱐᱐ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ. ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ-ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ) ᱗᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,[᱒᱒][᱒᱓] ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ (ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ) ᱒᱓᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ,[᱒᱔] ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱷᱟᱜᱽᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ, ᱠᱩᱱᱟᱞ, ᱵᱟᱞᱩ, ᱵᱷᱤᱨᱨᱟᱬᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾[᱑᱗]

ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (Excavations)

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ASI ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱕% ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[web ᱓]

ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱜᱷᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱚᱛᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱒᱑-᱑᱙᱒᱒ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱓᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱳ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱩ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱑᱙᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐, ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱑–᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱛᱟᱲ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-11 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ RGR-5 ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱥᱟᱦᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR-3, RGR6 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ RGR9 ᱟᱨ RGR-4 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾[web ᱗][web ᱘][᱒᱕][web ᱑][web ᱙] ᱑᱙᱖᱓ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ (ASI) ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱒᱖][᱒᱗] ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱠᱷᱮᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱤᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱥᱴᱚᱰᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱤᱱ ᱰᱨ. ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ-ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾[᱒᱘] ᱑᱙᱙᱗–᱙᱘, ᱑᱙᱙᱘–᱙᱙ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱙–᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱨᱮ, ASI ᱴᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱟᱢᱚᱨᱮᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾[᱒᱘][᱒᱙] ᱒᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱴᱟᱠᱟ-ᱯᱟᱭᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ CBI ᱛᱚᱱᱚᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱓᱐] ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱰᱮᱠᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱳᱥᱴ-ᱜᱨᱮᱡᱩᱮᱴ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱤᱥᱟᱨᱪ ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱤᱴᱭᱩᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱤᱥ-ᱪᱟᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱛᱚᱛᱛᱣᱚ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ common/ ᱥᱚ custom/ ᱥᱚ cross/ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥᱭᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱟᱰᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾[᱓᱑][᱓᱒] ᱒᱐᱒᱑ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ASI ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮ central/ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱴᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱵᱚᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱱᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾[web ᱙]

ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeleton), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱵᱤᱛ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons), ᱜᱚᱲ ᱯᱨᱟᱪᱤᱨ (fortification) ᱟᱨ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾[web ᱓]

ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ASI ᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱕,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (artefacts) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾[᱑᱒][᱒᱕] ᱯᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ, ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱣᱨᱟ, ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ, ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ (terracotta) ᱤᱴᱟᱹ, ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ (bronze) ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱢᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱦᱚᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ, ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ (conch) ᱪᱮᱞᱮ, ᱥᱚᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ (bangles) ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾[᱓᱓] ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑.᱙᱒ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱡ ᱪᱚᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱹᱴᱤ-ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱵᱚᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟ traditional/ ᱡᱚ traditional/ ᱡᱚ cross/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natives/ ᱡᱚ Native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nativity/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ nat/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ custom/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ natively/ ᱡᱚ native/ ᱡᱚ ᱭᱚᱜᱽᱭᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚ᱾ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱭᱞᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ (weights), ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ, ᱱᱟᱠᱤᱡ, ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱥᱤ, ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ create/ ᱥᱩᱸ we/ ᱥᱩᱸ cross/ ᱥᱩᱸ needle/ ᱥᱩᱸᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱨᱟᱠᱳᱴᱟ ᱥᱤᱞ (seals) ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ (gold foundry) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱓᱐᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱸ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ we/ ᱩᱱᱩ cross/ ᱩᱱᱩ native/ ᱩᱱᱩ stove/ ᱩᱱᱩᱫᱩᱜ (furnace) ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱑ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ (skeletons) ᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ (ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ) ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱱ-ᱯᱟᱛᱟ an/ ᱯᱟᱛᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱩᱵᱚᱱᱫᱷ (armlet) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱜᱚᱞᱟ/ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (Granary)

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ (2600 BCE ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 2000 BCE) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ (granary) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ-ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ software/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ native/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ cross/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ compute/ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ-ᱞᱮᱵᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱟ structure/ ᱪᱟ cross/ ᱪᱟ standard/ ᱪᱟ coordinate/ ᱪᱟ corner/ ᱪᱟ rectangular ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ square ᱠᱩᱷᱲᱤ (chambers) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱛᱟᱸᱵᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ (hafts) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ, ᱜᱩᱞᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱨᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ/ᱮᱱᱮᱡ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (toy culture) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ (stamps), ᱜᱚᱦᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 'ᱪᱟᱨᱴ' (chert) ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ-ᱵᱟᱬᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ (IVC) ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ (standardised weight systems) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾[᱓᱔]

ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ-ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱪᱷᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (Fire altars) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱥᱤᱰᱟᱞ (apsidal) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[web ᱗][dead link] ᱨᱩᱯᱟᱹ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, ᱪᱟᱱᱦᱩᱫᱟᱲᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱓᱕] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Quantify ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱢᱩᱦᱩᱨ (stamps seals) ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑᱒]

ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱪᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (cemetery) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱸᱫᱩᱠ (wooden coffin) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑᱒] ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾[᱑᱓] ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱔᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ (skeletons) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱕᱓ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱓᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (anthropological) ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ (adults), ᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ (subadults) ᱟᱨ ᱑᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ (sex) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱗ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱹ (supine position) ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ (prone position) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱟᱰ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱴᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (pottery) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱜᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ (votive pots) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (secondary burials) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱞᱚ (cremation practices) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱜᱩᱴ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (group burials) ᱟᱨ ᱚᱸᱰᱩᱵ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (lineage) ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱳ-ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱴᱤᱠ (Paleo-parasitical) ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱓᱖][᱓᱗] ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱡ (stomach) ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱵᱤᱞᱤ (Parasite eggs) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ (origins) ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ aDNA ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹᱱ DNA ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ (analysis) ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱓᱘][᱓᱙]

ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱰᱷᱤᱯ RGR-7 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔,᱖᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ-ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ('I6113' ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱙] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱴᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱔᱐][web ᱓]

image icon Photo of the skeleton of "Rakhigarhi love birds" buried together with male (11A) facing the woman (11B), with their feet pointing south and head towards north.[᱔᱑]

ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱓᱕ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱲᱮ-ᱟᱲᱮ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ (ceremonial burial) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ (collar bone) ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱜᱮᱴ (agate) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱔᱒][᱔᱑] ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ 177 cm (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ 171 cm (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ, ᱪᱚᱴ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱢᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱵᱮᱲᱟ ᱨᱮ "ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱜᱽ" ᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱔᱓] ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱮ ᱮᱴ ᱟᱞ. (Shinde et al. 2019) ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ DNA- ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱨᱮ Cell Magazine ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ DNA ᱨᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ (steppe) ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱥᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱤᱱᱰᱚ-ᱟᱨᱭᱚ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱯᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱙][᱔᱔][᱔᱕] ᱒᱐᱑᱖ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱩᱴ ᱖᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ] ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ-ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱽᱱᱟᱭᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ DNA ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱱᱤᱠ (technology) ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱔᱕᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[web ᱑᱐] ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ 175.8 cm (5 ft 9 in) ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ 166.1 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱚᱸᱫᱟᱡᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱔᱖] ᱒᱐᱒᱔ ᱨᱮ, ᱓.᱕ ᱥᱠᱚᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ 'ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱗' (Mound 7) ᱞᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱔᱗]

ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ (ASI) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ (digs) ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ "ᱡᱚᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨᱤ" ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱞᱳᱪᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ "ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱞᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ" ᱴᱷᱮᱱ "ᱞᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱪᱷᱚᱛᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ" ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,[᱔᱘] ᱟᱨ ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱩᱬ/ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱔᱙] ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱰᱤᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱽᱭᱟᱠᱷᱭᱟ, ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ, ASI ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ASI ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱚᱯᱷᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱛᱣᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱛᱟᱹᱫᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱫᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ (ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ) ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱮᱥᱤ (indigenous) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱥᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱨᱮ "ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ" ᱾[᱕᱐]

ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱞᱳᱵᱟᱞ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱯᱷᱚᱸᱰ (Global Heritage Fund) ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱨ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱽᱭᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱴᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[web ᱘][᱕᱑] ᱥᱟᱱᱰᱮ ᱴᱟᱭᱤᱢᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐᱑᱒ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱨᱤ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾[᱕᱒] ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ, ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ, ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱜᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱞᱟ, ᱵᱮ-ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱡᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱚᱯᱚᱨᱟᱫᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱖ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱘᱐% – ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱗ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱚᱯᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱨᱮ ᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱡᱟᱝ-ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱷᱣᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[web ᱘]

ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱰᱷᱤᱯ R4 ᱟᱨ R5 ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾[web ᱓] ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱢᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ASI ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱓᱕᱐-ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱑ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱘᱓.᱕ ᱮᱠᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[web ᱓]

ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

᱒᱐᱒᱐ ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱛᱨᱤ ᱱᱤᱨᱢᱚᱞᱟ ᱥᱤᱛᱟ-ᱨᱟᱢᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱠᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱕᱓] ASI ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱪᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ R4 ᱟᱨ R5 ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱕᱒ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱪᱚᱜᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ-ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[web ᱓]

ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱕᱔] ᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱳᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ CCS HAU ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱠᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾[᱕᱕] ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱳᱴᱷᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱨᱳᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱷᱚᱵᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱛᱚᱛᱣᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱵᱷᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣ-ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱕᱖] ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱦᱮᱨᱤᱴᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱦᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱩᱨᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱠ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱷᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱷᱤᱞ ᱟᱪᱩᱨ ᱛᱮ, ᱩᱢᱩᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱕᱗] ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱮ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱽᱨᱤᱥᱚᱫᱽᱣᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱳᱛᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ-ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱳᱯᱳᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ (ᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ) ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾[᱕᱘]

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
* ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ
* ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱰᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ
* ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷᱩ ᱩᱯᱚᱛᱭᱚᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱚᱢ

ᱱᱳᱴ ᱠᱚ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
  1. 1 2 ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ: * Allchin & Erdosy 1995, p. 78: "᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱒᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" * Kenoyer 1998, p. 49: "ᱠᱮᱪᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱖ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ [...] ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱭᱚᱛᱟ: ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ (+᱒᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ), ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (+᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ), ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ (+᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ (᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱾" * Possehl 2002, p. 72: "ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱩᱥᱩᱞᱟ ᱾ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱪᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱡᱷᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱰᱮ-ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱰᱷᱟᱞᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱞᱟ-ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱰᱷᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ (RGR-1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 5) ᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ RGR-6, ᱟᱨᱰᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱳᱛᱷᱤ-ᱥᱤᱥᱣᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ, ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱧ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱧᱟᱹᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" * Heitzman 2008, p. 35: "ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱱᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ (᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱒᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ); ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ (᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ); ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ (᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ); ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞᱟ (᱘᱒ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ); ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱬᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ (᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱐ base᱕ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ) ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾" * Wright 2009, p. 133: "ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾" * Coningham & Young 2015, p. 183 ᱠᱳᱴ: ᱢᱚᱦᱮᱸᱡᱚ-ᱫᱟᱲᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱦᱚᱲᱚᱯᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱕᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ, ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱨᱟ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱮᱨᱤᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱠᱷᱤᱜᱚᱲᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱘᱐ ᱦᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾"

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Subramanian_2014_The_Hindu".
  2. ↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Ahluwalia_2023_The_Print".
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Nath_2020_The_Hindu".
  4. ↑ Census of India, 2011
  5. ↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "ambalaonline".
  6. ↑ ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Chopra_2010_IE".
  7. 1 2 3 ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "ASI_1997-98".
  8. 1 2 3 4 ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Deswal_2015_The_Tribune".
  9. 1 2 3 4 Deepender Deswal (2018), Harappan site in Hisar draws interest of archaeologists, The Tribune India, 18 September 2021.
  10. 1 2 ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Subramian_2015_TheHindu".
ᱛᱩᱢᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱩᱲᱟᱹᱜ:<ref> tags exist for a group named "web", but no corresponding <references group="web"/> tag was found.
  1. 1 2 3 4 Wright (2009), p. 133.
  2. 1 2 Garge (2010), p. 25.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Possehl (2002), p. 72.
  4. 1 2 Coningham & Young (2015), p. 183.
  5. 1 2 Kenoyer (1998), p. 49.
  6. 1 2 Allchin & Erdosy (1995), p. 78.
  7. 1 2 Heitzman (2008), p. 35.
  8. 1 2 3 Nath et al. (2015), fig. 1.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Shinde et al. (2019).
  10. 1 2 Shinde, Shin & Bhattacharyya 2023, pp. 33, 45.
  11. 1 2 Nath et al. (2015), p. 10: "mounds of which 1 to 5 are integrated while a few are removed from each other."
  12. 1 2 3 4 Possehl (2002), pp. 63, 71, 72.
  13. 1 2 McIntosh (2008), p. 215, 293.
  14. ↑ McIntosh (2008), p. 76.
  15. ↑ Nath et al. (2015).
  16. ↑ Shinde, Shin & Bhattacharyya 2023, p. 33.
  17. 1 2 Nath, Garge & Law (2014), p. 84.
  18. ↑ Mani (2008), p. 237-238.
  19. ↑ Sarkar et al. (2016), p. 2-3.
  20. ↑ Charles Keith Maisels, Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China. Routledge, 2003 ISBN 1134837305
  21. ↑ Archaeological Survey of, India (2004). "Excavations at Kunal,Haryana" (PDF). Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review: 11–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  22. ↑ Garge (2010), pp. 15–40.
  23. ↑ The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures, Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.
  24. ↑ Kulke, Herman (2004). History of India. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0.
  25. 1 2 "Harappan Surprises". Frontline. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  26. ↑ Wright (2009), p. 107.
  27. ↑ Sinopoli, Carla M. (2015), "Ancient South Asian cities in their regions", in Norman Yoffee (ed.), The Cambridge World History, Cambridge University Press, p. 325, ISBN 978-0-521-19008-4 Quote: "Excavations have also occurred at Rakhigarhi, but only brief notes have been published, and little information is currently available on its form and organization. (page 325)"
  28. 1 2 Bhartesh Singh Thakur, "Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud", Hindustan Times, 15 October 2015.
  29. ↑ Nath, Amarendra (31 December 2014). "Excavations at Rakhigarhi [1997-98 to 1999-2000]" (PDF). Archaeological Survey of India. p. 306. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
  30. ↑ "Former Archaeological Survey director sentenced to jail for fraud". Hindustan Times. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  31. ↑ Dhiman, Kuldip (3 July 2016). "Engulfed in the labyrinths of time". The Tribune.
  32. ↑ Shinde et al. (2012), p. 48.
  33. ↑ Chandigarh Newsline, 2/23/2007, 'Rakhigarhi is the Largest Harappan Site Ever Found'
  34. ↑ "Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar". Hindustan Times. 15 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015.
  35. ↑ McIntosh (2008), p. 293, 333.
  36. ↑ "Mysteries of Rakhigarhi's Harappan Necropolis: In burials from 4,000 years ago, women both exalted, condemned". The Indian Express. 26 March 2018.
  37. ↑ Shinde, Vasant S.; Kim, Yong Jun; Woo, Eun Jin; Jadhav, Nilesh; Waghmare, Pranjali; Yadav, Yogesh; Munshi, Avradeep; Chatterjee, Malavika; Panyam, Amrithavalli (21 February 2018). "Archaeological and anthropological studies on the Harappan cemetery of Rakhigarhi, India". PLOS ONE (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). 13 (2). Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392299S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192299. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5821334. PMID 29466426. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ "Scientists to study parasite eggs in Harappan graves". The Times of India. 12 January 2014.
  39. ↑ "Biomedical Studies on Archaeology". 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  40. ↑ "Dig this! 5,000-yr-old skeletons found in Hisar". Hindustan Times. 15 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015.
  41. 1 2 Vasant Shinde1, et al, 2018, A young couple's grave found in the Rakhigarhi cemetery of the Harappan Civilization, Anatomy & Cell Biology, vol 51 (3), pp. 200-204.
  42. ↑ Ancient lovers found in Indian burial site mystify and intrigue archaeologists, CNN, 10 January 2019.
  43. ↑ Harappa grave of ancient 'couple' reveals secrets, BBC, 9 January 2019.
  44. ↑ Bal, Hartosh Singh (30 September 2019). "What media reporting on ancient DNA results says about our times". The Caravan. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  45. ↑ Mahalakshmi, R. (October 2019). "DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence". Frontline. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  46. ↑ Nath A., Walimbe S.R., Garge T.M., Mushrif-Tripathy V., Dehuri R., and Malik A. (2015) Harappan interments at Rakhigarhi, Haryana. Man and Environment, XL: 9–32.
  47. ↑ Chakrabarty, Sreeparna (7 May 2024). "The 4,600-year-old woman from Rakhigarhi". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  48. ↑ Avikunthak 2022, p. 84.
  49. ↑ Varma & Menon 2010, note 14: "The prestige of an archaeologist was not assessed on the basis of his/her analytical or theoretical contribution to Indian archaeology but on the number of sites discovered and the temporal antiquity of the site. It was understood that the older the site, the more prestigious it was to discover and dig it. [...] specialists are in short supply in the ASI… to tell you the truth, they don't encourage specialisation in the ASI… there were no archaeozoologists, archaeobotanists, archaeometallurgists nor were there any lithic or ceramic specialists [at Bhirrana]. [...] all senior archaeologists in the ASI have right wing sympathies"
  50. ↑ Avikunthak 2022, pp. 34, 51-56.
  51. ↑ "Rakhigarhi likely to be developed into a world heritage site". India Today. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  52. ↑ Archana, Khare Ghose (3 June 2012). "Can Rakhigarhi, the largest Indus Valley Civilisation site be saved?". Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  53. ↑ Maanav, Sushil (2 February 2020). "Rakhigarhi to be developed as iconic site". The Tribune. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  54. ↑ Sura, Ajay (13 February 2016). "Harappan museum at Rakhigarhi". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  55. ↑ "Gazetteer of India Haryana, Hisar" (PDF). revenueharyana.gov.in. Government OF Haryana. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  56. ↑ Jahaj Kothi museum
  57. ↑ Lake being built in Rakhigarhi (english translation of original hindi news "चंडीगढ़ की सुखना लेक की तर्ज पर राखीगढ़ी में बन रही झील"), Dainik Jagran, 16 September 2021.
  58. ↑ DNA analysis of Harappan skeleton from Rakhigarhi: Thin evidence, Frontline, 11 October 2019.
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