ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ

ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ
ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ
	᱒᱑᱒,᱕᱐᱐
ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ
	ᱪᱷᱟᱝᱞᱟ • ᱢᱳᱱᱯᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ • ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ • ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ
	ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ • ᱵᱳᱱ
ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱠᱚ
	ᱢᱳᱱᱯᱟ • ᱱᱜᱟᱞᱚᱯ • ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ

ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ (ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ: ཤར་ཕྱོགས་པ, ᱣᱟᱭᱞᱤ: shar phyogs pa; "ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ") ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱥᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑]

ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ

ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱚ-ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱚᱭᱮᱰ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢ, ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱒᱐᱐-᱘᱐᱐ ଖ୍ରୀᱥᱴ ᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ (BC) ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱒]^[᱓] ᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱰᱨᱤᱢ (᱑᱙᱙᱓) ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱳᱱᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ (ᱱᱜᱟᱞᱚᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱥᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾^[᱔] ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾^[᱕]^[᱖]

ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ

ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱗᱐᱘,᱕᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ᱾^[᱗] ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱱᱜᱟᱞᱚᱯ ᱠᱟᱞᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱭᱮᱱᱟ᱾^[᱘] ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱱᱜᱟᱞᱚᱯ, ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱗᱒% ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱘]^[᱙] ᱑᱙᱘᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐% ᱟᱨ ᱱᱜᱟᱞᱚᱯ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗% ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾^[᱑᱐] ᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴᱵᱩᱠ (World Factbook) ᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, "ᱵᱷᱳᱴᱮ" (Bhote) ᱱᱜᱟᱞᱚᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱕᱐% ᱦᱚᱲ (᱓᱕᱔,᱒᱐᱐) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾^[᱗] ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱜᱟᱞᱚᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓:᱒ ᱚᱱᱩᱯᱟᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱑᱒,᱕᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ-ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾^[᱑᱑] ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱡᱚᱝᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ, ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱟᱢᱤᱥ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ-ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱚᱰᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ᱾ ᱪᱷᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱰᱚᱜᱽ (Mêdog), ᱱᱤᱝᱪᱤ (Nyingchi) ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱨᱟᱝ (Dirang) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱱᱯᱟ (ᱢᱮᱱᱵᱟ) ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ᱾ ᱪᱷᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱩᱱᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱳᱱᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱠᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾^[᱑᱒]

ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ

ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱩᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ (slash-and-burn) ᱟᱨ ᱛᱥᱮᱨᱤ (tsheri) ᱪᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ-ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱩᱲᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱛᱮᱠᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾^[᱘] ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱙᱖᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱷᱩᱢ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑᱓]^[᱑᱔] ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ-ᱡᱚᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱟ-ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (matrilineal) ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ᱾^[᱑᱕]

ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ

ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱪᱚᱯ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱳᱱ (Bön) ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱰᱩᱣᱟᱨᱥ (Duars) ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ (Animism) ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ᱾^[᱘]

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ

ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ

↑ Schottli, Jivanta; Mitra, Subrata K.; Wolf, Siegried (2015-05-08). A Political and Economic Dictionary of South Asia. ISBN 9781135355760.
↑ Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge. p. 218. ISBN 1-57958-468-3.
↑ "Culture of Bhutan". Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
↑ "U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - Bhutan". United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 1 January 1999. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
↑ van Driem, George L. (1993). "Language Policy in Bhutan" (PDF). London: SOAS. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
↑ van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. p. 915 et seq.
1 2 Bhutan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
1 2 3 4 Robert L. Worden (September 1991). Andrea Matles Savada (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Society.
↑ "Bhutan Backgrounder". SATP online. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 2002-09-20. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
↑ "Languages of Bhutan". Ethnologue Online. Dallas: SIL International. 2006. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
↑ Blench, Roger (2014). Sorting out Monpa: The relationships of the Monpa languages of Arunachal Pradesh.
↑ Blench, Roger (2014). Sorting out Monpa: The relationships of the Monpa languages of Arunachal Pradesh.
↑ Robert L. Worden (September 1991). Andrea Matles Savada (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Farming.
↑ "Shifting Cultivation in Bhutan: A Gradual Approach to Modifying Land Use Patterns". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online. FAO. 1987. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
↑ "Fact Sheet Bhutan. Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online. FAO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-18. Retrieved 8 Sep 2017.

[1] Schottli, Jivanta; Mitra, Subrata K.; Wolf, Siegried (2015-05-08). A Political and Economic Dictionary of South Asia. ISBN 9781135355760.

[minorities-2] Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. New York: Routledge. p. 218. ISBN 1-57958-468-3.

[3] "Culture of Bhutan". Countries and Their Cultures. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 30 September 2013.

[4] "U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1999 - Bhutan". United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 1 January 1999. Retrieved 29 September 2013.

[5] van Driem, George L. (1993). "Language Policy in Bhutan" (PDF). London: SOAS. Retrieved 2011-01-18.

[6] van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. p. 915 et seq.

[CIA-7] 1 2 Bhutan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

[Society-8] 1 2 3 4 Robert L. Worden (September 1991). Andrea Matles Savada (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Society.

[9] "Bhutan Backgrounder". SATP online. South Asia Terrorism Portal. 2002-09-20. Retrieved 2011-07-10.

[10] "Languages of Bhutan". Ethnologue Online. Dallas: SIL International. 2006. Retrieved 2011-01-18.

[11] Blench, Roger (2014). Sorting out Monpa: The relationships of the Monpa languages of Arunachal Pradesh.

[12] Blench, Roger (2014). Sorting out Monpa: The relationships of the Monpa languages of Arunachal Pradesh.

[13] Robert L. Worden (September 1991). Andrea Matles Savada (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Farming.

[14] "Shifting Cultivation in Bhutan: A Gradual Approach to Modifying Land Use Patterns". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online. FAO. 1987. Retrieved 2011-03-13.

[15] "Fact Sheet Bhutan. Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations online. FAO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-18. Retrieved 8 Sep 2017.

[᱑]

[᱒]

[᱓]

[᱔]

[᱕]

[᱖]

[᱗]

[᱘]

[᱙]

[᱑᱐]

[᱑᱑]

[᱑᱒]

[᱑᱓]

[᱑᱔]

[᱑᱕]