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Search in 8,653 entries of Encyclopædia Iranica

Encyclopædia Iranica is an authoritative, peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly resource advancing interdisciplinary research, preservation, and global understanding of Iranian civilization and culture.

Latest Articles

KADPHISES, VIMA

KADPHISES, VIMA

KADPHISES, VIMA, the third king of the Kushan dynasty, reigned…
7 min
ḴOSROW IV

ḴOSROW IV

Ḵosrow IV is mentioned in some textual sources and also…
3 min
ḴOR-E MUSĀ

ḴOR-E MUSĀ

Figure 1. The Bay of Ḵor-e Musā and its surroundings.…
8 min
PERSIMMON

PERSIMMON

PERSIMMON (Diospyros kaki L.), Persian “ḴORMĀLU,” of the Ebenaceae or…
3 min
KREFTER, FRIEDRICH

KREFTER, FRIEDRICH

KREFTER, FRIEDRICH ANTON PHILIPP (b. 15 October 1898, Emden; d.…
8 min
ḴOSROW III

ḴOSROW III

Ḵosrow III appears to have come to power between the…
2 min
ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, SOLṬĀN-AḤMAD MIRZĀ

ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, SOLṬĀN-AḤMAD MIRZĀ

ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, SOLṬĀN-AḤMAD MIRZĀ (b. Tehran, 1239/1824; d. Tehran, 1319/1902; PLATE…
13 min
PAVRY, BAPSY CURSETJI

PAVRY, BAPSY CURSETJI

PAVRY, BAPSY CURSETJI (b. 1902; d. Bombay, India, 1995; PLATE…
9 min
SCYTHIANS iii. Spiritual culture, religion, and art

SCYTHIANS iii. Spiritual culture, religion, and art

iii. SPIRITUAL CULTURE, RELIGION, AND ART The Scythians had no…
20 min
SCYTHIANS

SCYTHIANS

SCYTHIANS, a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in…
1 min
SCYTHIANS i. History

SCYTHIANS i. History

i. HISTORY The name.The English form Scythian is ultimately derived…
26 min
SCYTHIANS ii. Archaeology

SCYTHIANS ii. Archaeology

ii. ARCHAEOLOGY The term ‘Scythian culture’ is used in archeological…
31 min
SCHIMMEL, ANNEMARIE

SCHIMMEL, ANNEMARIE

SCHIMMEL, ANNEMARIE (b. Erfurt, Germany, 7 April 1922; d. Bonn, 26…
1 min
GREEKS IN MODERN IRAN

GREEKS IN MODERN IRAN

GREEKS IN MODERN IRAN, economic and political trends beginning in…
7 min
ROSENTHAL, FRANZ

ROSENTHAL, FRANZ

ROSENTHAL, FRANZ WILHELM (b. Berlin, Germany, 31 August 1914; d.…
10 min
POSTERS

POSTERS

POSTERS IN IRAN. Posters have been produced in Iran since…
13 min
MOLÉ, MARIJAN 

MOLÉ, MARIJAN 

MOLÉ, MARIJAN (b. Ljubljana, 28 July 1924; d. Paris, 6…
14 min
WOLFF, FRITZ

WOLFF, FRITZ

WOLFF, FRITZ, German Iranologist (b. Berlin, 11 November 1880; d.…
17 min
KASHAN iii. History to the Pahlavi Period

KASHAN iii. History to the Pahlavi Period

KASHAN iii. History to the Pahlavi Period Kashan (Kāšān; Arabized…
57 min
SCHAEDER, HANS HEINRICH

SCHAEDER, HANS HEINRICH

SCHAEDER, HANS HEINRICH (b. Göttingen 31 January 1896; d. Göttingen…
19 min

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In collaboration with the University of Toronto.

Research Compendia

Women Poets Iranica

Women Poets Iranica is an integrative encyclopedia of postclassical, modern, and contemporary women poets.

Women Poets Iranica

Cinema Iranica

Cinema Iranica provides historical articles on movies, genres, film movements, filmographies, directors, composers, stars.

Cinema Iranica
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This monument of scholarship in Iranian Studies is a mine of detailed information, with bibliographical references, on every aspect of Iranian history, thought, languages, and civilization.

Dr. Farhad DaftaryInstitute of Ismaili Studies, in Journal of the American Oriental Society
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La premiere fois qu'une encyclopédie pluridisciplinaire sur lʼIran est mise en chantier.

Prof. Jean CalmardUniversity of Paris, in Abstracta Iranica
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A real tour de force. There is no project in the entire Middle Eastern field more worthy of support than the Encyclopaedia Iranica.

Prof. Richard N. FryeHarvard University, In Journal of the American Oriental Society
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The Encyclopaedia Iranica volumes are the most extensive and important contributions to the study of Islamic and pre-Islamic Iranian history and culture that have been made in this century.

Dr. Prudence HarperCurator Emerita of Ancient Near Eastern Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The Encyclopaedia Iranica will be judged as the most significant contribution of our century to the advancement of Iranian studies as a scholarly enterprise.

Prof. Ali BanuaziziBoston College, in International Journal of Middle East Studies
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Une grande entreprise.

Prof. Gilbert LazardMembre de l'Institut, in Journal Asiatique
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The foremost reference work on Iran ever produced and one of the premier reference works in the humanities published in our time.

Prof. Roy MottahedehHarvard University, in Middle East Journal
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The Encyclopaedia Iranica is not just a necessity for Iranists; it is of inestimable value for everyone concerned with the history and culture of the Middle East.

Prof. Richard BullietColumbia University, in International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
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Encyclopaedia Iranica is indispensable for any scholarly work of specialists in the fields of Iranian and Islamic Studies. [It] deserves the highest praise and full support.

Prof. Werner EndeAlbert-Ludwigs-Universitat, in ZDMG