Jump to content

Christianity in Canada

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Eastern Orthodoxy in Canada)
Christianity in Canada
Canada
Population distribution of Christian Canadians by census division, 2021 census
Total population
19,373,330[1]
53.3% of the total Canadian population (2021)
Regions with significant populations
Ontario7,315,815 (52.14%)
Quebec5,385,240 (64.82%)
Alberta2,009,820 (48.11%)
British Columbia1,684,870 (34.27%)
Manitoba708,850 (54.23%)
Languages
Canadian English • Canadian French
Other Languages of Canada
Related ethnic groups
A map of Canada by province and territory showing the distribution of the population by religious affiliation in 2021

Christianity is the most common religion in Canada, with 53.3% of the total population or 19.3 million people being Christian in 2021.[1][2] The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms refers to God. The French colonization beginning in the 17th century established a Roman Catholic francophone population in New France, especially Acadia and Lower Canada (now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec). British colonization brought waves of Anglicans and other Protestants to Upper Canada, now Ontario. The Russian Empire spread Orthodox Christianity in a small extent to the tribes in the far north and western coasts, particularly hyperborean nomads like the Inuit. Orthodoxy would arrive in mainland Canada with immigrants from the eastern and southern Austro-Hungarian Empire and western Russian Empire starting in the 1890s; then refugees from the Soviet Union, Eastern Bloc, Greece and elsewhere during the last half of the 20th century.

History

[edit]

Christianity first arrived in the territory later known as Canada in 1497, when the Catholic, John Cabot, landed on Newfoundland, raised the Venetian and Papal banners and claimed the land for his sponsor King Henry VII of England, while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church.[3] A letter of John Day states that Cabot landed on 24 June 1497 and "he landed at only one spot of the mainland, near the place where land was first sighted, and they disembarked there with a crucifix and raised banners with the arms of the Holy Father and those of the King of England".[4] In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the first Catholic colony in Quebec City.

Demographics, concentration, and life

[edit]
Percentage of Christians per Canadian province or territory based on 2021 Census data
  80-89.9% Christian
  70-79.9% Christian
  60-69.9% Christian
  50-59.9% Christian
  40-49.9% Christian
  30-39.9% Christian

The majority of Canadian Christians attend church services infrequently. Cross-national surveys of religiosity rates such as the Pew Global Attitudes Project indicate that, on average, Canadian Christians are less observant than those of the United States but are still more overtly religious than their counterparts in Western Europe. In 2002, 30% of Canadians reported to Pew researchers that religion was "very important" to them. A 2005 Gallup poll showed that 28% of Canadians consider religion to be "very important" (55% of Americans and 19% of Britons say the same).[5] Regional differences within Canada exist, however, with British Columbia and Quebec reporting especially low metrics of traditional religious observance, as well as a significant urban-rural divide, while Alberta and rural Ontario saw high rates of religious attendance. The rates for weekly church attendance are contested, with estimates running as low as 11% as per the latest Ipsos-Reid poll and as high as 25% as per Christianity Today magazine. This American magazine reported that three polls conducted by Focus on the Family, Time Canada and the Vanier Institute of the Family showed church attendance increasing for the first time in a generation, with weekly attendance at 25 per cent. This number is similar to the statistics reported by premier Canadian sociologist of religion, Prof. Reginald Bibby of the University of Lethbridge, who has been studying Canadian religious patterns since 1975. Although lower than in the US, which has reported weekly church attendance at about 40% since the Second World War, weekly church attendance rates are higher than those in Northern Europe.

As well as the large churches — Roman Catholic, United, and Anglican, which together count more than half of the Canadian population as nominal adherents — Canada also has many smaller Christian groups, including Orthodox Christianity. The Egyptian population in Ontario and Quebec (Greater Toronto in particular) has seen a large influx of the Coptic Orthodox population in just a few decades. The relatively large Ukrainian population of Manitoba and Saskatchewan has produced many followers of the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches, while southern Manitoba has been settled largely by Mennonites. The concentration of these smaller groups often varies greatly across the country. Baptists are especially numerous in the Maritimes. The Maritimes, prairie provinces, and southwestern Ontario have significant numbers of Lutherans. Southwest Ontario has seen large numbers of German and Russian immigrants, including many Mennonites and Hutterites, as well as a significant contingent of Dutch Reformed. Alberta has seen considerable immigration from the American plains, creating a significant Mormon minority in that province. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claimed to have 178,102 members (74,377 of whom in Alberta) at the end of 2007.[6] And according to the Jehovah's Witnesses year report there are 111,963 active members (members who actively preach) in Canada.

Canada as a nation is becoming increasingly religiously diverse, especially in large urban centres such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal, where minority groups and new immigrants who make up the growth in most religious groups congregate. Two significant trends become clear when the current religious landscape is examined closely. One is the loss of 'secularized' Canadians as active and regular participants in the churches and denominations they grew up in, which were overwhelmingly Christian, while these churches remain a part of Canadians' cultural identity. The other is the increasing presence of ethnically diverse immigration within the religious makeup of the country.

As Mainline Protestants and Roman Catholics have experienced drastic losses over the past 30 years, others have been expanding rapidly: overall by 144% in 'Eastern' religions during the 1981-1991 decade.[7] Considering Canada's increasing reliance on immigration to bolster a low birth rate, the situation is only likely to continue to diversify. This increased influx of ethnic immigrants not only affects the types of religions represented in the Canadian context but also the increasingly multicultural and multilingual makeup of individual Christian denominations. From Chinese Anglican or Korean United Church communities, to the Lutheran focus on providing much needed services to immigrants new to the Canadian context and English language, immigration is making changes.[8]

For some Protestant denominations, adapting to a new secular context has meant adjusting to their non-institutional roles in society by increasingly focusing on social justice.[9] However the pull between conservative religious members and the more radical among the church members is complicated by the numbers of immigrant communities who may desire a church that fulfils a more 'institutionally complete' role as a buffer in this new country over the current tension filled debates over same-sex marriage, ordination of women and homosexuals, or the role of women in the church. This of course will depend on the background of the immigrant population, as in the Hong Kong context where ordination of Florence Li Tim Oi happened long before women's ordination was ever raised on the Canadian Anglican church level.[10]

As well a multicultural focus on the churches part may include non-Christian elements (such as the inclusion of a Buddhist priest in one incident) which are unwelcome to the transplanted religious community.[11] Serving the needs and desires of different aspects of the Canadian and newly Canadian populations makes a difficult balancing act for the various mainline churches which are starved for money and active parishioners in a time when 16% of Canadians identify as non-religious and up to two-thirds of those who do identify with a denomination use the church only for its life-cycle rituals governing birth, marriage, and death.[12]

Evangelical portions of the Protestant groups proclaim their growth as well but as Roger O'Tool notes they make up 7% of the Canadian population and seem to gain most of their growth from a higher birthrate.[13] What is significant is the higher participation of their members in contrast to Mainline Protestants and Roman Catholics. This high commitment would seem to translate into the kind of political power evangelicals in the United States enjoy but despite Canada's historically Christian background as Lori Beaman notes neatly "...[forming] the backdrop for social process"[14] explicit religiosity appears to have not effectively moved the government towards legal discrimination against gay marriage. Much as many Roman Catholics in Quebec ignore the Church's stance on birth control, abortion, or premarital sex, the churches do not dictate much of the daily lives of regular Canadians.[15]

There was a major religious revival in Toronto in the 1990s known as the Toronto Blessing at a small Vineyard Church near the Toronto Pearson International Airport. This religious event was the largest tourist attraction to Toronto[16] in the year 1994. This event was characterized by unusual religious ecstasy such as being slain in the Spirit, laughing uncontrollably, and other odd behavior.

A 2015 study estimates some 43,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background in Canada, most of whom belong to the evangelical tradition.[17]

Province/Territory
Christians
 Newfoundland and Labrador82.44%[37]
 Nunavut73.53%[38]
 Prince Edward Island67.62%[39]
 New Brunswick67.52%[40]
 Quebec64.82%[41]
 Nova Scotia58.18%[42]
 Saskatchewan56.31%[43]
 Manitoba54.23%[44]
 Northwest Territories55.16%[45]
 Canada53.33%[46]
 Ontario52.14%[47]
 Alberta48.11%[48]
 Yukon35.01%[49]
 British Columbia34.27%[50]

Major denominational families

[edit]

Christian denominations in Canada are usually divided into two large groups: Protestantism and Catholicism. There are also Christian denominations that do not fall within either of these groups, such as Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy, but they are much smaller.

Protestantism

[edit]

Protestantism in Canada has existed ever since parts of northern Canada were colonized by the English.

Protestantism in Canada (1871−2021)
Branch/Denomination 1871 census
[51][52]		 1881 census
[53][52]		 1891 census
[54][52]		 1901 census
[55][56][52]		 1911 census
[57][52]		 1921 census
[58][52]		 1931 census
[59][60][52]		 1941 census
[61][52]		 1951 census
[62][52]		 1961 census
[63][64][65][52]		 1971 census
[66][67][52]		 1981 census
[18][19][20][21]		 1991 census
[22][23][24][25]		 2001 census
[26][27][28][22]		 2011 census
[29][30][31][32]		 2021 census
[33][34][35][36]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Methodist–Evangelical 572,396 16.42% 742,981 17.18% 861,714 17.83% 945,043 17.59% 1,118,300 15.52% 1,207,515 13.74% 79,239 0.76% 70,673 0.61% 136,492 0.97% 164,796 0.9% 176,010 0.82% 259,500 1.08% 311,240 1.15% 308,975 1.04% 292,205 0.89% 247,240 0.68%
Presbyterian 544,998 15.63% 676,165 15.63% 755,326 15.63% 842,459 15.68% 1,115,472 15.48% 1,409,407 16.04% 870,728 8.39% 830,597 7.22% 781,747 5.58% 818,558 4.49% 872,330 4.04% 812,105 3.37% 636,295 2.36% 409,830 1.38% 472,385 1.44% 301,400 0.83%
Anglican 494,049 14.17% 574,818 13.29% 646,059 13.37% 680,620 12.67% 1,043,072 14.47% 1,407,994 16.02% 1,636,349 15.77% 1,754,368 15.25% 2,060,720 14.71% 2,409,068 13.21% 2,543,175 11.79% 2,436,375 10.12% 2,188,110 8.11% 2,035,500 6.87% 1,631,845 4.97% 1,134,310 3.12%
Baptist 227,898 6.54% 275,291 6.37% 302,565 6.26% 316,477 5.89% 382,666 5.31% 421,731 4.8% 443,341 4.27% 484,465 4.21% 519,585 3.71% 593,553 3.25% 593,553 2.75% 696,850 2.89% 663,360 2.46% 729,475 2.46% 635,840 1.94% 436,940 1.2%
Lutheran 37,935 1.09% 46,350 1.07% 63,982 1.32% 92,524 1.72% 229,864 3.19% 286,458 3.26% 394,194 3.8% 401,836 3.49% 444,923 3.18% 662,744 3.63% 715,740 3.32% 702,905 2.92% 636,210 2.36% 606,595 2.05% 478,185 1.46% 328,045 0.9%
Protestant, n.i.e. & n.o.s. 37,065 1.06% 35,861 0.83% 29,666 0.61% 42,425 0.79% 66,141 0.92% 81,467 0.93% 81,077 0.78% 41,521 0.36% 35,715 0.25% 51,304 0.28% 21,705 0.1% 137,425 0.57% 720,385 2.67% 641,305 2.16% 647,140 1.97% 514,055 1.42%
Congregationalist 21,829 0.63% 26,900 0.62% 28,157 0.58% 28,293 0.53% 34,054 0.47% 30,730 0.35% 694 0.01% N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 145 0% 6,600 0.02% 6,155 0.02% 2,510 0.01% 1,150 0%
Anabaptist 13,146 0.38% 30,065 0.7% 12,911 0.27% 50,380 0.94% 64,732 0.9% 83,944 0.96% 119,529 1.15% 128,432 1.12% 139,113 0.99% 181,942 1% 212,345 0.98% 235,705 0.98% 269,190 1% 243,275 0.82% 201,190 0.61% 158,270 0.44%
Unitarian/Universalist 7,171 0.21% 6,643 0.15% 4,963 0.1% 5,553 0.1% 6,545 0.09% 7,830 0.09% 7,469 0.07% N/a N/a 3,517 0.03% 15,062 0.08% 21,000 0.1% 17,510 0.07% 19,910 0.07% 20,535 0.07% N/a[a] N/a N/a[a] N/a
Adventist 6,179 0.18% 7,211 0.17% 6,354 0.13% 8,058 0.15% 10,417 0.14% 14,200 0.16% 16,026 0.15% 18,485 0.16% 21,398 0.15% 25,999 0.14% 28,585 0.13% 41,605 0.17% 52,360 0.19% 62,880 0.21% 66,940 0.2% 68,935 0.19%
Latter Day Saint 534 0.02% N/a N/a N/a N/a 6,891 0.13% 15,982 0.22% 19,717 0.22% 22,132 0.21% 25,328 0.22% 32,888 0.23% 50,016 0.27% 66,635 0.31% 89,870 0.37% 100,770 0.37% 104,745 0.35% 108,665 0.33% 87,725 0.24%
Spiritualist N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 616 0.01% 674 0.01% 1,558 0.02% 2,263 0.02% N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 1,940 0.01% 3,735 0.01% 3,295 0.01% N/a[a] N/a N/a[a] N/a
Jehovah's Witness N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 99 0% 407 0.01% 6,678 0.08% 13,552 0.13% 7,007 0.06% 34,596 0.25% 68,018 0.37% 174,805 0.81% 143,480 0.6% 168,370 0.62% 154,750 0.52% 137,775 0.42% 137,255 0.38%
Reformed N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 63 0% 1,073 0.01% 2,700 0.03% 2,931 0.03% N/a N/a N/a N/a 62,257 0.34% 83,385 0.39% 104,175 0.43% 119,020 0.44% 115,735 0.39% 102,830 0.31% 80,650 0.22%
Pentecostal–Charismatic N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 43 0% 579 0.01% 7,258 0.08% 26,669 0.26% 57,742 0.5% 95,131 0.68% 143,877 0.79% 220,390 1.02% 339,850 1.41% 438,995 1.63% 372,695 1.26% 480,670 1.46% 399,035 1.1%
United Church N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a 8,728 0.1% 2,017,375 19.44% 2,208,658 19.19% 2,867,271 20.47% 3,664,008 20.09% 3,768,805 17.47% 3,758,015 15.6% 3,093,120 11.46% 2,839,125 9.58% 2,007,610 6.11% 1,214,185 3.34%
Total Protestants 1,963,200 56.32% 2,422,285 56.01% 2,711,697 56.11% 3,019,501 56.22% 4,089,978 56.75% 4,997,915 56.87% 5,733,568 55.25% 6,029,112 52.4% 7,173,096 51.2% 8,911,202 48.86% 9,572,155 44.38% 9,777,455 40.6% 9,427,670 34.92% 8,654,870 29.2% 7,265,790 22.12% 5,109,195 14.06%
Total responses 3,485,761 100% 4,324,810 100% 4,833,239 100% 5,371,315 100% 7,206,643 100% 8,788,483 100% 10,376,786 100% 11,506,655 100% 14,009,429 100% 18,238,247 100% 21,568,295 100% 24,083,480 98.93% 26,994,045 98.89% 29,639,060 98.77% 32,852,360 98.14% 36,328,465 98.21%
Total population 3,485,761 100% 4,324,810 100% 4,833,239 100% 5,371,315 100% 7,206,643 100% 8,788,483 100% 10,376,786 100% 11,506,655 100% 14,009,429 100% 18,238,247 100% 21,568,311 100% 24,343,181 100% 27,296,859 100% 30,007,094 100% 33,476,688 100% 36,991,981 100%

Anabaptism

[edit]
Amish
[edit]

The Amish population in Canada as of 2018, is 5,375.[68] There are Amish settlements in four provinces: Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, and New Brunswick. The majority of Old Order settlements is located in the province of Ontario, namely Oxford (Norwich Township) and Norfolk counties. A small community is also established in Bruce County (Huron-Kinloss Township) near Lucknow.

Hutterites
[edit]
A Hutterite colony in Manitoba

In mid-1870s Hutterites moved from Europe to the Dakota Territory in the United States to avoid military service and other persecutions.[69] During World War I Hutterites suffered from persecutions in the United States because they are pacifist and refused military service.[70][71] They then moved almost all of their communities to Canada in the Western provinces of Alberta and Manitoba in 1918.[71] In the 1940s, there were 52 Hutterite colonies in Canada.[71]

Today, more than 75% of the world's Hutterite colonies are located in Canada, mainly in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, the rest being almost exclusively in the United States.[72] The Hutterite population in North America is about 45,000 people.[73]

Mennonites
[edit]

Mennonites first arrived in Canada in 1786 from Pennsylvania, but following Mennonites arrived directly from Europe.[74] The Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches had 37,000 members across 250 congregations,[75] and the Mennonite Church Canada had about 35,000 members in 212 congregations in 1998.[76]

Catholic

[edit]

The Catholic Church in Canada, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, has the largest number of adherents to a religion in Canada, with 38.7% of Canadians (13.07 million) reported as Catholics in the 2011 National Household Survey, in 72 dioceses across the provinces and territories, served by about 8,000 priests. It was the first form of Christianity in what is now Canada, arriving in 1497 when John Cabot landed on Newfoundland and raised the Venetian and Papal banners, claiming the land for his sponsor King Henry VII of England, while recognizing the religious authority of the Roman Catholic Church.[3]

Eastern Orthodoxy

[edit]
Front of the Holy Trinity Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral in Vancouver

Adherents of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Canada belong to several ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Historically, Eastern Orthodoxy was introduced to Canada during the course of 19th century, mainly through emigration of Christians from Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Honoring such diverse heritage, Eastern Orthodoxy in Canada is traditionally organized in accordance with patrimonial jurisdictions of autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches, each of them having its own hierarchy with dioceses and parishes. According to 2021 census data, Greek Orthodox community constitutes the largest Eastern Orthodox community in Canada, with 204,025 adherents. It is followed by other communities: Russian Orthodox (28,245), Ukrainian Orthodox (25,975), Serbian Orthodox (25,445), Romanian Orthodox (16,120), Macedonian Orthodox (6,050), Bulgarian Orthodox (3,825), Antiochian Orthodox (2,140) and several other minor communities within Eastern Orthodoxy.[77]

Oriental Orthodoxy

[edit]

Adherents of Oriental Orthodox Christianity in Canada also belong to several ethnic communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. According to 2011 census data, Coptic Orthodox community constitutes the largest Oriental Orthodox community in Canada, with 16,255 adherents. It is followed by other communities: Armenian Orthodox (13,730), Ethiopian Orthodox (3,025), Syriac Orthodox (3,060) and several other minor communities within Oriental Orthodoxy.[77]

Latter-day Saints

[edit]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has had a presence in Canada since its organization in New York State in 1830.[78] Canada has been used as a refuge territory by members of the LDS Church to avoid the anti-polygamy prosecutions by the United States government.[79] The first LDS Church in Canada was established in 1895 in what would become Alberta; it was the first stake of the Church to be established outside the United States.[80] The LDS Church has founded several communities in Alberta.

In 2011, the LDS Church of Canada claimed around 200,000 members; the 2011 Canadian National Household Survey calculates around 100,000.[81] It has congregations in all Canadian provinces and territories and possess at least one temple in six of the ten provinces, including the oldest LDS temple outside the United States. Alberta is the province with the most members of the LDS Church in Canada, having approximately 40% of the total of Canadian LDS Church members and representing 2% of the total population of the province (the National Household survey has Alberta with over 50% of the Canadian Mormons and 1.6% of the province's population[81]), followed by Ontario and British Columbia.[82]

Ethnic group

[edit]
Christian Canadians
Ethnic groups (2001−2021)
2021
[1][83]		 2011
[84]		 2001
[85]
Population % Population Population %
European 14,908,365 76.95% 18,588,045 84.1% 20,309,200 88.87%
African 1,068,800 5.52% 720,230 3.26% 523,715 2.29%
Filipino 898,050 4.64% 497,450 2.25% 300,025 1.31%
Indigenous 849,815 4.39% 889,315 4.02% 804,430 3.52%
Latin American 427,065 2.2% 322,675 1.46% 193,440 0.85%
Chinese 347,245 1.79% 318,935 1.44% 274,350 1.2%
South Asian 245,035 1.26% 185,345 0.84% 124,320 0.54%
Multiracial 147,375 0.76% 87,380 0.4% 39,395 0.17%
Arabs 135,390 0.7% 95,590 0.43% 65,790 0.29%
Koreans 127,190 0.66% 111,350 0.5% 76,235 0.33%
Southeast Asians 104,045 0.54% 92,775 0.42% 55,430 0.24%
West Asians 35,965 0.19% 15,100 0.07% 8,450 0.04%
Japanese 19,235 0.1% 24,190 0.11% 24,605 0.11%
Other Ethnicity 59,755 0.31% 54315 0.25% 52,410 0.23%
Total Christian
Canadian Population		 19,373,330 100% 22,102,700 100% 22,851,825 100%

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Classified as a separate religion following the 2011 census.

References

[edit]
  1. 1 2 3 "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". Statistics Canada. October 26, 2022.
  2. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  3. 1 2 P D'Epiro, M.D. Pinkowish, "Sprezzatura: 50 ways Italian genius shaped the world" pp. 179–180
  4. ↑ "The John Day Letter". heritage.nf.ca. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  5. ↑ "Can a "Reagan Revolution" Happen in Canada?". Gallup.com. January 20, 2006. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
  6. ↑ Alberta . LDS Newsroom.
  7. ↑ Roger O'Toole, "Religion in Canada: Its Development and Contemporary Situation" In Lori Beaman, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 18.
  8. ↑ Paul A. Bramadat; David Seljak (2008). Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-8020-9584-8.
  9. ↑ Roger O'Toole, "Religion in Canada: Its Development and Contemporary Situation" In Lori Beaman, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 13-14.
  10. ↑ Wendy Fletcher, "Canadian Anglicanism and Ethnicity" In P. Bramadat & D. Seljak, Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. (Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2005.), 156.
  11. ↑ Greer Anne Wenh-In Ng, "The United Church of Canada: A Church Fittingly National" In P. Bramadat & D. Seljak, Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. (Toronto: Pearson Longman, 2005), 232.
  12. ↑ "96F0030XIE2001015 - Religions in Canada". 2.statcan.ca. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
  13. ↑ Roger O'Toole, "Religion in Canada: Its Development and Contemporary Situation" In Lori Beaman, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 17.
  14. ↑ Lori Beaman, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 3.
  15. ↑ Roger O'Toole, "Religion in Canada: Its Development and Contemporary Situation" In Lori Beaman, ed., Religion and Canadian Society: Traditions, Transitions, and Innovations. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2006), 12.
  16. ↑ "Christianity Today- The Enduring Revival". www.google.com. 7 March 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  17. ↑ Miller, Duane; Johnstone, Patrick (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11 (10). Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  18. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2025-11-04). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  19. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2025-11-04). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 - provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  20. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-26). "Data tables, 1981 Census Census Profile for Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1981 Census - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  21. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2020-05-26). "Data tables, 1981 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1981 Census - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (95A), Age Groups (7A) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1991 and 2001 Censuses - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  23. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "Data tables, 1991 Census R9101 - Population by Religion (29), Showing Age Groups (13) Education (20% Data) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  24. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  25. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-03-29). "1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  26. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  27. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (13) and Age Groups (8) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  28. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Area Profiles Profile of Income of Individuals, Families and Households, Social and Economic Characteristics of Individuals, Families and Households, Housing Costs, and Religion, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 2001 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  29. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (19), Age Groups (10), Sex (3), Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force and Educational Characteristics (268) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  30. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Ethnic Origin (101), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (327) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  31. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Visible Minority (15), Age Groups (10), Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (315) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  32. 1 2 "Tabulation: Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". Statistics Canada. January 7, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  33. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Religion by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  34. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Religion by gender and age: Census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  35. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Religion by gender and age: Census divisions by province or territory". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  36. 1 2 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Religion by gender and age: Census subdivisions with a population of 5,000 or more by province or territory". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  37. ↑ "Religions in Newfoundland and Labrador—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  38. ↑ "Religions in Nunavut—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  39. ↑ "Religions in Prince Edward Island—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  40. ↑ "Religions in New Brunswick—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  41. ↑ "Religions in Quebec—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  42. ↑ "Religions in Nova Scotia—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  43. ↑ "Religions in Saskatchewan—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  44. ↑ "Religions in Manitoba—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  45. ↑ "Religions in the Northwest Territories—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  46. ↑ "Religions in Canada—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  47. ↑ "Religions in Ontario—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  48. ↑ "Religions in Alberta—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  49. ↑ "Religions in Yukon—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  50. ↑ "Religions in British Columbia—Census 2021". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. October 26, 2022.
  51. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Census of Canada 1870-71 = Recensement du Canada 1870-71 : CS98-1871-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Historical statistics, principal religious denominations of the population". Statistics Canada. 2015-11-05. Retrieved 2026-07-14.
  53. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Census of Canada 1880-81 = Recensement du Canada 1880-81 : CS98-1881-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  54. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Census of Canada 1890-91 = Recensement du Canada 1890-91 : CS98-1891-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Fourth census of Canada 1901 . : CS98-1901-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Fourth census of Canada, 1901, [Bulletins II-XVIII] . : CS98-1901P-2-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Fifth census of Canada 1911 . : CS98-1911-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Sixth census of Canada,1921 . : CS98-1921-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Seventh census of Canada, 1931 . : CS98-1931-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  60. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Population of Canada, 1931, by religious denominations . : CS98-1931B-21-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Seventh census of Canada, 1931 . : CS98-1931-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Ninth census of Canada, 1951 = Neuvième recensement du Canada : CS98-1951-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2.: CS92-541/1961-PDF, CS92-542/1961-PDF, CS92-543/1961-PDF, CS92-544/1961-PDF, CS92-545/1961-PDF, CS92-546/1961-PDF, CS92-547/1961-PDF, CS92-548/1961-PDF, CS92-549/1961-PDF, CS92-550/1961-PDF, CS92-551/1961-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 3.: CS92-552/1961-PDF, CS92-553/1961-PDF, CS92-554/1961-PDF, CS92-555/1961-PDF, CS92-556/1961-PDF, CS92-557/1961-PDF, CS92-558/1961-PDF, CS92-559/1961-PDF, CS92-560/1961-PDF, CS92-561/1961-PDF, CS92-562/1961-PDF, CS92-563/1961-PDF, CS92-564/1961-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  65. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "1961 Census of Canada : general review : vol. VII - part 1 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : revue générale : vol. VII - partie 1. : 99-521. Religious denominations in Canada - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3.: CS92-722/1971-PDF, CS92-723/1971-PDF, CS92-724/1971-PDF, CS92-725/1971-PDF, CS92-726/1971-PDF, CS92-727/1971-PDF, CS92-728/1971-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  67. ↑ Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada, Integrated Services Branch, Government Information Services, Publishing and Depository Services. "Population .: CS92-771/1971-PDF; CS92-772/1971-PDF; CS92-773/1971-PDF; CS92-774/1971-PDF; CS92-775/1971-PDF; CS92-776/1971-PDF; CS92-777/1971-PDF - Government of Canada Publications - Canada.ca". publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2026-07-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. ↑ "Amish Population Change, 2009-2018 (Alphabetical Order)" (PDF). Groups.etown.edu. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  69. ↑ Journey to America, Hutterian Brethren. Retrieved April 25, 2014
  70. ↑ Smith, C. Henry (1981). Smith's Story of the Mennonites (Revised and expanded by Cornelius Krahn ed.). Newton, Kansas: Faith and Life Press. p. 545. ISBN 0-87303-069-9.
  71. 1 2 3 World War 1, Hutterian Brethren. Retrieved April 25, 2014
  72. ↑ A directory of Hutterite colonies. Retrieved on April 25, 2014
  73. ↑ WW1 & Beyond, Hutterian Brethren. Retrieved April 25, 2014
  74. ↑ National Council of Ch of Christ in USA (2012). Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches 2012. Abingdon Press. pp. 406–. ISBN 978-1-4267-5610-8.
  75. ↑ Kraybill, Donald B. (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-8018-9911-9.
  76. ↑ Donald B. Kraybill (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8018-9911-9.
  77. 1 2 Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (26 October 2022). "2021 National Household Survey: Data tables – Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  78. ↑ Brigham Young Card (1990). The Mormon Presence in Canada. University of Alberta. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-88864-212-7.
  79. ↑ Paul Finkelman (2006). Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties. Routledge. p. 1039. ISBN 978-1-135-94705-7.
  80. ↑ Liz Bryan (2011). Country Roads of Alberta: Exploring the Routes Less Travelled. Heritage House. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-926613-02-4.
  81. 1 2 "2011 National Household Survey". Statistics Canada. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
  82. ↑ Deseret News Church Almanac, 2011
  83. ↑ Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Religion by Indigenous identity: Canada, provinces and territories". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
  84. ↑ Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (19), Age Groups (10), Sex (3), Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force and Educational Characteristics (268) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
  85. ↑ Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (95) and Visible Minority Groups (15) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2022-10-29.

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Canada&oldid=1379497057#Eastern_Orthodoxy"